Thar' she blows!

Whales were highly valued for the oil that they produced, when their blubber was boiled down. The oil was useful in industry especially the factories of England but also in lighting the streets. Belich writes that Britain spent £300,000 per year on whale oil for its street lamps. Other parts of whale were also useful, bone, and baleen (the frilly teeth from baleen whales, was made into buggy whips and corsets). Whale OIl prices varied.

By the end of the 18th century Europe and America were running out of whales in the Atlantic. In 1792 the first Whaler arrived in the Pacific. Others quickly followed. They were looking for Right Whales and if possible Sperm Whales. Right Whales were valued because they were slow swimmers making them easier to catch and would float higher out of water making them easier to tow back to the ship. Sperm whales were harder to catch (audio) but each held a reservoir of Spermaceti oil in their head which was particularly valuable. (The reservoir was big enough for a man with a bucket to climb inside to empty!) Sperm Whales were also known as Catchalots because there was between 25 and 40 barrels of the valuable oil, including 6-8 tons in the Spermaceti organ. (OR catchalot means toothed in French).

Whaling ships had the reputation for being rough and ready.

They (reputedly) smelt so bad you could smell them before they could be seen. When whales were sighted Whaleboats were launched and crews chased down the whales. Once harpooned the crew then endured the “Nantucket Sleigh-ride” until they exhausted whale could be harpooned again (and again) until it died. Then the whale (often with the help of less successful crews) was towed back to the ship. Whale blubber was then (flensed)cut off in huge strips which were then boiled in Try Pots giving off smoke and the dreadful stench. (think of the deception used at the end of Russell Crowe’s ‘Master and Commander’)

A whaling ship could be at sea for 2-3 years.

Whaling was dangerous. Few seamen could swim and life aboard the ship was dangerous enough let alone chasing and catching an angry whale. Moby Dick was based on a true story. The whaler 'Essex' was sunk in 1820 by an angry Sperm Whale that smashed in its side.

When they had the chance the Whaling crew wanted to let loose and have a (really) good time.
At first they called into Port Jackson to re-supply but quickly found the regulations and taxes (and corruption – early Sydney was run like a fiefdom by the Officers amongst the guards) to onerous. Luckily nearby was a tax free haven. The Bay of Islands was already recognised as a world class anchorage. A tiny settlement Kororareka developed into what the Whalers wanted most, a safe anchorage, with plenty of food and water, cheap rum and women.

In the past students have often seen the whalers as an amorphous group. It is however important that you differentiate between the Ocean Whalers who frequented (mainly) the Bay of Islands and the Shore or Bay Whalers who were scattered about the coastline. Ocean Whalers originated mainly from the USA. Most came from New England. There were crews from Britain and France but the US dominated the trade.

When they needed some RnR they made for Kororareka. It offered everything they needed without the constraints of the law. Whaling crews numbered between 20-50 and there could be as many as 15 ships in the Bay at one time. New Zealand lay outside any of the European/American nations sphere of influence and thus beyond the reach of their legal systems. While this might have given the captains and crews a free licence to do as they liked, their behaviour was tempered by the fierce nature of the local Maori.

Nga Puhi controlled the Bay of Islands although different hapu groups dominated the north and south sides of the bay. Kororareka became hugely popular with Whalers, with hundreds of visits made in the next few decades. Paul Moon has written an excellent book about the decades before 1840. Grog shops opened along the shoreline and were interspersed with Brothels. Nga Puhi supplied the Brothels with women.

Some students find this concept distasteful, but we should be careful about applying 21st century morals on people from the past who operated in a completely different time with differing values. Maori simply viewed sex in a different way, and there was little stigma attached to the trade (although I don’t believe the daughters of chiefs would have been offered to a European unless there was a distinct material advantage to the Iwi.)

Whaling crews were ashore for only a few weeks while the ships were cleaned, refitted and supplies acquired. Many of the crew took an advance on their share of the profits, spending the money on rum and women. Some of the crew could often spend the better part of their wages during this shore leave and arrive back in Nantucket no better off than when they had left 3 years before. Experienced and enterprising crew sometimes acquired cheap muskets (some left over from the War of Independence and were quite dangerous) before they left and then traded these for the favours of a Maori maiden

With no law in the town there was no limit on the behaviour of Europeans. Fighting and Drunkenness (and Drunken Fighting) were common. Behaviour was terrible and more cultured observers gave the town the name ‘Hellhole of the Pacific’. For many the town represented all that was bad about European culture and was to be abhorred.

Nga Puhi prospered under this regime. No other Iwi had as much access to Europeans and the goods they offered. This gave them enormous Mana within the wider area as well as their related Iwi north and south of the Bay.

Like other tribes many Nga Puhi took the opportunity to use the Whalers to travel overseas. Maori travelled widely around the Pacific, many landed in Sydney. While there they were often taken in by Samuel Marsden, at his property in Paramatta. Several like Te Pahi and Ruatara spent long periods there, in Ruataras case convalescing after being ill treated on his Whaler.

This gave them a greater insight into the world that existed outside of New Zealand. very quickly the Nga Puhi began to realize the advantage of possessing Muskets.